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The biggest challenge cause by frequent warfare among the cities in Italy and the country divided into different foreign rule. Italy was divided into different monarchs like the Hapsburg and France, it was also under the rule of the Austrian.
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Explanation:
Italy was unified in 1861. After the unification, it faced the economic imbalance between north and south, lack of educational systems and lack of raw materials. The political revolution of Italy and the Economic revolution helped to solve both the economic and political problems. The problems which remained unresolved were illiteracy and poverty. Poverty also led to the migration of Italians to the US.
After the collapse of the Roman empire, Italy became a conglomeration of City-States and territories, which were under foreign rule. Later when Napoleon First has defeated these territories were consolidated by the congress of Vienna. The territories created after the congress of Vienna were; The kingdom of the Two Sicilies, The kingdom of Sardinia, The Papal states and The kingdom of Lombardy. These territories were under foreign rule, and this was the main challenge that Italy had to face.