What is the conclusion of rule-utilitarianism? How is it different from act-utilitarianism (i.e. J.S. Mill's theory)? (Explain in your own words)
Hospers says that rule-utilitarianism can solve the problems of act-utilitarianism. To what problems is he referring? Explain one of his examples (i.e., the District Attorney, the grade change, the petty thief, etc.)?
Scenario: Let's consider Smith for a second. Smith is a well-known mob boss who has nevertheless managed to evade the law so far. He always makes sure there is no direct evidence linking him to a crime. Finally, though, he is arrested on a gambling and corruption charge. Unfortunately, the district attorney in charge of prosecuting him finds information that proves that Smith is actually innocent this time! However, Smith is a career criminal. He has gone free for other crimes and will likely continue to commit crimes if set free now .
What considerations would an act-utilitarian District Attorney take into account when considering what the morally right thing to do is in the case above? Would an act-utilitarian district attorney sit on the evidence and let Smith be convicted, knowing that Smith is not guilty of this crime? Explain.
What considerations would a rule-utilitarian District Attorney take into account when considering what the morally right thing to do is? Would a rule-utilitarian district attorney sit on the evidence and let Smith be convicted, knowing that Smith is not guilty of this crime? Explain.

Utilitarianism is one of the best known and most influential moral theories. Like other forms of consequentialism, its core idea is that whether actions are morally right or wrong depends on their effects. More specifically, the only effects of actions that are relevant are the good and bad results that they produce. A key point in this article concerns the distinction between individual actions and types of actions. Act utilitarians focus on the effects of individual actions (such as John Wilkes Booth’s assassination of Abraham Lincoln) while rule utilitarians focus on the effects of types of actions (such as killing or stealing).

Utilitarians believe that the purpose of morality is to make life better by increasing the amount of good things (such as pleasure and happiness) in the world and decreasing the amount of bad things (such as pain and unhappiness). They reject moral codes or systems that consist of commands or taboos that are based on customs, traditions, or orders given by leaders or supernatural beings. Instead, utilitarians think that what makes a morality be true or justifiable is its positive contribution to human (and perhaps non-human) beings.

Explanation:

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