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Convective cooling cools rocks much more rapidly than heat conduction. hydrothermal circulation represents convective cooling at ocean ridges and is well known from things like black smokes, but only occurs close to the spreading ridge axis. when geophysicists measure the geothermal gradient in areas along ridges where there is no hydrothermal activity, the thermal gradient is far below what you would predict theoretically, but near hydrothermal vents it is far more than you would predict. why would this be?

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Erythrosin17
When geophysicists measure the geothermal gradient in areas on the ridges where there is no activity hydrothermally, the gradient is far below than what is predicted theoretically, but when measured near hydrothermal vents it is more than what is predicted. This is because most of the heat is being carried through convection by hydrothermal systems so that the average gradient when measured far from the circulation would be depressed or lower.

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